OICC Press International Journal of Mathematical Modelling & Computations 2228-6233 16 3 2026 02 15 A Fuzzy Approach for the Automatic Off‑Line Arabic Signature Verification Problem 231 241 10.57647/ijm2c.2026.1603.19 EN Zainab Flayyih Hassn Al-Zubaidi Department of Mathematics, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Abdollah Hadi-Vencheh Department of Mathematics, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-4097 Al-Sarrayb Hosain Al-Sarray Department of Computer, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Ali Jamshidi Department of Mathematics, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 15 Offline Arabic signature verification (OSV) is a challenging biometric task due to the high stylistic variability of Arabic handwriting and the presence of skilled forgeries. This work proposes a hybrid verification system that integrates geometric feature extraction with a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference model. After preprocessing, the system extracts the skeleton of each signature and detects key control points using the Shi-Tomasi algorithm. Four discriminative local geometric features-distance deviation, angular deviation, proportional distance ratio, and centroid deviation-are computed between matched control‑point pairs of the reference and test signatures. These features capture subtle structural inconsistencies introduced by genuine handwriting variation or forgery attempts. A fuzzy inference system with sixteen rules maps these features into a similarity score, and a writer‑dependent thresholding mechanism determines acceptance or rejection. Experiments conducted on a dataset of 50 Arabic writers demonstrate that the proposed method achieves competitive accuracy, reduces false acceptance and rejection rates, and provides an interpretable framework suitable for forensic and banking applications.