10.57647/ijbbe.2025.0502.07

Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Selective Blood Components Optical Sensor with a Ring Core in THz Range

PDF
  • Masoud Amanabi1,
  • Hamed Alipour-Banaei*2,
  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ta.C., Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
  2. Department of Electronics, Ta.C., Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Received: 2025-09-03

Revised: 2025-10-23

Accepted: 2025-12-21

Published in Issue 2025-12-31

Copyright (c) 2025 Masoud Amanabi, Hamed Alipour-Banaei (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Amanabi, M., & Alipour-Banaei, H. (2025). Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Selective Blood Components Optical Sensor with a Ring Core in THz Range. International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering (IJBBE), 5(2). https://doi.org/10.57647/ijbbe.2025.0502.07
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 28

Abstract

In this study, a highly sensitive optical sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed and simulated to detect blood components. The proposed structure utilizes a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a hexagonal lattice of air holes embedded in a silica dielectric background. A hollow circular ring is incorporated at the fiber’s core, serving as the sensing region where blood components are introduced. Changes in the refractive index of this region caused by the presence of different blood constituents directly affect the fiber's optical properties, including dispersion, confinement loss, and effective refractive index. Through comprehensive numerical simulations, these parameters were systematically analyzed across various wavelengths and frequencies. The results revealed distinct optical responses for each blood component, particularly within the 1.2 µm to 1.4 µm wavelength range, indicating high potential for selective detection and calibration. The designed sensor demonstrates excellent capability for distinguishing between different blood components, positioning it as a promising candidate for compact and accurate biomedical diagnostic applications.

Keywords

  • Photonic Crystal,
  • Blood Components,
  • Effective Refractive Index,
  • Fiber,
  • Sensor
PDF

References

  1. Iz Maidi, A. M., Kalam, M. A., & Begum, F. (2023). Photonic crystal fibre for blood components sensing, Sens. Bio-Sensing Res., 41, 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2023.100565
  2. Shang, N., et al., (2022). Graphene Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Fluid Sensor toward Distributed Environmental Monitoring, Wuli Huaxue Xuebao/ Acta Phys. - Chim. Sin., 38 (12), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3866/PKU.WHXB202108041
  3. Danaeifar, M., Granpayeh, N., Mohammadi, A., & Setayesh, A., (2013). Graphene-based tunable terahertz and infrared band-pass filter, Appl. Opt., 52(22), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.000E68
  4. Aly, A. H., Zaky, Z. A., Shalaby, A. S., Ahmed, A. M , & Vigneswaran, D. (2020). Theoretical study of hybrid multifunctional one-dimensional photonic crystal as a flexible blood sugar sensor, Phys. Scr.,95(3), 35510. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab53f5
  5. Arunkumar, R., Suaganya, T., & Robinson, S. (2019). Design and Analysis of 2D Photonic Crystal Based Biosensor to Detect Different Blood Components, Photonic Sensors, 9(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-018-0479-8
  6. Brilland, L., et al. (2006). Fabrication of complex structures of Holey Fibers in Chalcogenide glass, Opt. Express, 14(3), 1280. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.001280
  7. Matsuura, Y., & Naito, K., (2011). Flexible hollow optical fiber bundle for infrared thermal imaging, Biomed. Opt. Express, 2(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.00065
  8. Guo, X., et al. (2016). An integrated nematic liquid crystal in-fiber modulator derived from capillary optical fiber, Opt. Commun., 367, 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.01.052
  9. Xia, T. J., et al. (1998). All-optical packet-drop demonstration using 100-Gb/s words by integrating fiber-based components, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 10(1), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1109/68.651145
  10. Jile, H. (2021). Application of nonlinear ring resonators for realizing all-optical digital multiplexers, Photonics Nanostructures - Fundam. Appl., 45, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2021.100920
  11. Rahmani, A., & Mehdizadeh, F. (2017). Application of nonlinear PhCRRs in realizing all optical half-adder, Opt. Quantum Electron., 50(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-017-1301-3
  12. Banaei, H. A., & Rostami, A. (2008). A Novel Proposal for Passive All-Optical Demultiplexer for DWDM Systems Using 2-D Photonic Crystals, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., 22(4), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939308784150263
  13. John M., F., (2004). Microstructure fibres for optical sensing in gases and liquids, Measu. Scie. And Techn. 15, 1120. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/15/6/011
  14. Olyaee, S., & Naraghi, A. (2013). Design and optimization of index-guiding photonic crystal fiber gas sensor, Photonic Sensors, 3, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-013-0096-5
  15. Jiyoung, P., Lee, S., Kim, S., & Kyunghwan, O. (2011). Enhancement of hemical sensing capability in a photonic crystal fiber with a hollow high index ring defect at the center, Optics Express. 19, 1921-1929. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.001921
  16. Olyaee, S., Naraghi, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2014). High sensitivity evanescent-field gas sensor based on modified photonic crystal fiber for gas condensate and air pollution monitoring, Optik-Inter. Jour. for Light and Electron Optics, 125, 596-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.07.047
  17. Morshed Monir, M.d., Imran H., & Abdur Razzak, S.M. (2015). Enhancement of the sensitivity of a gas sensor based on microstructure optical fiber, Phot. Sen., 5, 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-015-0247-y
  18. Morshed Monir, M.d., Imran H., Tusher Kanti R., Uddin, M. Sh., and Abdur Razzak, S.M. (2015). Microstructure core photonic crystal fiber for gas sensing applications, Appli. Optics, 54,.8637- 8643. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.008637
  19. Morshed Monir, M.d., Asaduzzaman, S., Faizul Huq A., & Kawsar A. (2015). Proposal of simple gas sensor based on microstructure optical fiber, in Proc. ICEEICT (IEEE), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/iceeict.2015.7307400
  20. Asaduzzaman, S., Kawsar A., Bhuiyan, T., & Farah, T. (2016). Hybrid photonic crystal fiber in chemical sensing, SpringerPlus, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2415-y
  21. Dinish, U. S., Chit Yaw F.u., Kiat Seng S., Ramaswamy, B., Kumar, A., & Olivo, M. (2012). Highly sensitive SERS detection of cancer proteins in low sample volume using hollow core photonic crystal fiber, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 33,.293-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.056
  22. Wang, Y., Wang, H., Xue, Q., & Zheng, W. (2012). Photonic crystal self-collimation sensor, Opt. Express, 20, 11, 12111–12118. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.012111
  23. Singh, S., & Kaur, V. (2017). Photonic crystal fiber sensor based on sensing ring for different blood components: Design and analysis, Ninth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), Milan, Italy.
  24. Shengxi J., & Zhenqiu G. (2025). Analysis of a photonic crystal fiber SPR sensor based on dual polarization direction and two different metal layers, Opt. Mater. Express 15, 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.554436
  25. Sharif, V., Saberi, H., & Pakarzadeh, H. (2025). Designing a terahertz optical sensor based on helically twisted photonic crystal fiber for toxic gas sensing. Sci Rep. 15, 2268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82704-0
  26. Jianchun Y. Xiaobing L., Xinke L., Xiaoyang L., Xiaoqing D., & Xueming L, (2024). Explosive gas sensor based on photonic crystal fiber, Journal of Optics, 26, 125606. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ad9289
  27. Yang, F., Lv, J., Liu, Wei, et .al. (2025). Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Ultra-High Sensitivity. In: Plasmonics. 20(8), 6785-6794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-025-03024-1
  28. Sharif, V., Saberi, H., & Pakarzadeh, H. (2025). Designing a terahertz optical sensor based on helically twisted photonic crystal fiber for toxic gas sensing, Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82704-0
  29. Ferdous, J., Haque, M. D., & Siddik, M. A. (2025). Hexagonal core photonic crystal fiber optical sensor: the analysis of design and performance improvement for alcohol sensing in THz wave propagation. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2025.003522