Anthropogenic Pollution (Anthropog. pollut) – ISSN 2588-4646 is a peer-reviewed journal intended to publish original research papers in all main branches of environmental pollution research. Journal DOI: 10.57647/AP Journal Abbreviation: Anthropog pollut Journal Title Acronym: AP Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing: OICC Press, UK The Journal is being published biannual (2 issues per year). This peer-reviewed Journal covered in the Islamic Azad University according to certificate number 95/s/87/96789 on 10th of February 2017 in collaboration with the Association for Environmental Education and Sustainable Development as a Scientific Research Journal. Publication: Accepted papers will be added immediately to the “current” volume’s Table of Contents after the immediate peer-review process.
Dye Remediation from Water using Hematite Nanoparticles through performance of Response surface methodology (RSM), Photo Catalytic degradation and Equilibrium Adsorption Studies
Various industries like textile, paint, plastic manufacturing industry discharge harmful dye effluents in clean water reservoirs. Thus the water containing such dyes is unfit for aquatic life as well as humans. This work aimed to investigate the application of Dalbergia Sissoo (DS) sawdust and Acacia nilotica (AN) wood biomass modified Fe2O3 nanoparticles as effective adsorbents in order to take out methylene blue from contaminated water. The morphological studies of plant biomass showed that the surface was uneven having pores of different sizes hence allowing dye adsorption. The bands of various functional groups for example, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and C-H were found in spectra which were responsible for the stabilization of synthesized nanoparticles. Various analytical parameters such as contact time, methylene blue (MB) dye concentration, temperature, weight of adsorbate and photocatalytic degradation on the adsorption was studied. Maximum adsorption capacity qe (5.887 mg g-1) was obtained at the optimized settings. Dye remediation with ANFeNP was expanded up to 96% dye concentration was changed from 20mg/L to 100mg/L. The results best fitted Freundlich isotherm which proposed multi-layered adsorption occurred on adsorbent’s surface. The contact time parameter study revealed maximum dye removal of 97% at 105 minutes. Kinetic studies exhibited that process of adsorption obeys PSO and IPD models, which indicated that chemisorption was followed suggesting the diffusion of adsorbate in inner layers of adsorbent’s surface. With change in adsorbent’s dose from 0.1g to 0.5g, percentage removal was increased up to 96%. The photocatalytic activity of adsorbent at 120 minutes showed dye removal with a percentage of 97. The investigational data accurately fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic calculations indicated feasible adsorption which is also automatic and heat-absorbing. Statistical optimization studies were done using Response Surface methodology (RSM). The value of predicted and adjusted R2 indicates excellent relationship between predicted and experimental responses. Response surface methodology and central composite design were also applied to experimental data to predict the effect of multiple parameters revealing good correspondence between these parameters revealing good correspondence between these parameters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tunzeel Iqbal, Haleema Bibi, Somyah Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the Extra-Organizational Collaborations in Reduction Environmental Pollutions of Tourism Development on Qeshm Island Using Network Analysis Approach
The environment is the central core of the natural tourism industry; therefore, tourism development directly depends on the environment health. This means that institutional reforms and intra-organizational decisions related to tourism management cannot be considered as an independent and separate issue from environmental management. This research examines the level of cooperation and participation of Qeshm Island’s residents with environmental decisions and actions of government organizations to achieve an efficient model for the successful implementation of environmental decisions which guarantee tourism sustainable development on Qeshm Island. For this purpose, various types of public communication and island tourism activists (governors of rural districts, council members, local people, and other individuals) with government organizations were examined regarding their environmental approaches affecting tourism on Qeshm Island through selecting environmental pollution criteria as one of the determinant limitations in the tourism development on Qeshm Island and applying a network analysis approach. At first, 50 questionnaires were completed and data were analyzed by using the Ucinet and Netdraw software to analyze these variables through the snowball sampling method and visiting the organizations and departments which affect impact the tourism industry and also the organizations and departments related to environmental management and protection on Qeshm Island. Regarding the level of referring to government organizations, the results showed that governors of rural districts and local people with a degree centrality of 33 and intermediate centrality of 460/ 663 and 575/979, respectively, have the most referral to government organizations. Through the cooperation network, the local people with a degree centrality of 38 and intermediate centrality of 456/500 and council members with a degree centrality of 36 and betweenness centrality of 460/ 663 are the most cooperators in carrying out the activities related to environmental pollution reduction on Qeshm Island. The degree centrality of 42 and the betweenness centrality of 249/398 for the council members showed that they have the highest level of trust in government organizations. Generally, among all the variables, governors of rural districts, council members, and local people have the most relevant activities, cooperation, and trust for environmental pollution reduction related to government organizations on this island, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental challenges such as environmental pollution will be reduced by optimizing this network and increasing social capital among this group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ardeshir Shayesteh, Mohsen Dehghani Ghanatghestani, Mehdi Jabbarzadeh, Hananeh Mohammadi Kangarani, Lobat Taghavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Groundwater Quality Assessment and Refining Vulnerability Index through Machine Learning and Pollution Index Integration: A Case Study of the Koohpayeh Plain in Central Iran.
Groundwater contamination is a critical issue, especially in arid regions where it serves as the main water supply. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional methods with machine learning techniques to enhance groundwater vulnerability assessments in the Koohpayeh aquifer, central Iran. Groundwater quality was assessed using the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) and Water Quality Index (WQI). WQI values ranged from less than 15 to 55, indicating poor water quality, particularly in central and southeastern regions, due to contaminants from agriculture and urban activities. The PIG index revealed severe pollution in 45% of the area, showing a strong correlation between high PIG and low WQI values. Machine learning methods, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), were used to refine the DRASTIC model. RF emerged as the most effective model, achieving an MSE of 0.05 and an R² of 0.89, outperforming GB, which had a slightly higher R² of 0.91 but a greater MSE of 0.08. A strong correlation between nitrate levels and the optimized vulnerability indices validated the improved DRASTIC model’s accuracy. The enhanced DRASTIC model provides a more reliable tool for identifying high-risk areas and developing targeted groundwater management strategies. This study underscores the value of combining traditional assessments with machine learning to improve groundwater quality monitoring and protect public health. These findings can support decision-makers in prioritizing pollution control strategies, optimizing groundwater monitoring programs, and designing sustainable management plans in vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Navideh Najafpour, Shahrokh Soltaninia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of criteria affecting pollution reduction and sustainable management of water resources using the Flood Hazard Zoning approach (A case study: Goharrood River, Iran)
The present study aimed to evaluate the criteria affecting sustainable water resources management in the Goharrood River Basin (Rasht City, Gilan Province, Northern Iran) through the Flood Hazard Zoning approach to identify major flood occurrence centers and optimal flood dam location. Criteria and sub-criteria were identified using a Hierarchical Structure and prioritized based on Pairwise Comparison, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Opinions. Zoning was also done through Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that economic (weight value (WV) = 0.608) and technical (WV = 0.229) criteria were in first and second priority, followed by environmental and social criteria with weight values ​​of 0.112 and 0.051, respectively. Moreover, the sub-criteria of cultivation pattern (WV=0.539), welfare level (WV=0.536), demand rate (WV=0.583) and water conservation (WV=0.521) were preferred in the management of Goharrood river water resources. Based on the findings, the eastern part of the river basin had a higher potential for flooding. Therefore, three main centers were identified as important locations for the construction of flood barriers. Construction of flood dams can control future floods and prevent environmental pollution and reduction in the quality of surface and groundwater in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Pourdasht, Mohammad Ebrahim Ramazani, Fariborz Ahmadzadeh Kaleybar, Omid Rafieiyan, Arezoo Nejaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reduction of the Effects of Pollution Caused by Toxins through Essential Oil Extraction of Lavender and Rosemary Plants on Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
Prolonged and excessive use of synthetic pesticides has led to pest resistance and contamination of soil, water, and air, threatening vital environmental resources. Plant-derived pesticides offer a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative, potentially improving agricultural productivity, food security, and consumer health. We evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils (EOs) against potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). EOs were extracted via hydrodistillation and tested in a completely randomized design with four replicates at 25°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity, assessing mortality 24 hours post-treatment. Probit analysis using Minitab software (version 17) determined LC50 and LC90 values of 8,417 ppm and 47,774 ppm for lavender EO, and 10,315 ppm and 49,905 ppm for rosemary EO, respectively. Field comparisons of lavender EO at 8,417 ppm (LC50) with imidacloprid at 1 g/L (diluted 1:1000) showed imidacloprid efficacy of 91.4–98.3% and lavender EO efficacy of 41.6–47.8%. These results confirm the significant insecticidal potential of EOs, positioning them as viable alternatives to chemical insecticides for future pest management programs
Copyright (c) 2025 Abutaleb Ghaffari, Lobat Taghavi, Aref Marouf, Parviz Moradi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Water and Sediments of Urban River Ecosystems (Case Study: Zarjub River and Gohar Rood in Rasht, Iran)
The Zarjub River and Gohar Rood represent serious pollution concerns among urban rivers in northern Iran, as they discharge into the international Anzali Lagoon. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of potentially heavy metals (PTMs) in the water and sediments of these two rivers. To this end, water and sediment samples were taken from 10 sampling stations along the two rivers, and then physicochemical factors and concentration of PTMs were measured; moreover, environmental indices were calculated. Results showed that the water pH, DO, and TDS were 6.7, 4.9, and 316.5, respectively. In addition, the concentration of Fe, Pb, Al, Hg, and Cd in water samples were 0.166, 0.1, 0.1, 1, and 0, and their concentration in sediment samples was equal to 41686.1, 70.031, 12721.9, 0.1, and 0.1, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), ecological risk index (ERI), and potential ecological risk (PER) were also calculated for the water and sediment samples. The measurement of PTMs and the above-mentioned indices demonstrated that the water of the studied rivers does not contain high levels of heavy metals, whereas their sediments contain high levels of PTMs. The study findings suggested that these two urban rivers are not in a hazardous state in terms of PTMs; however, it is necessary to further manage and control the entry of urban wastewater into these two rivers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Maghsoudi Shaghaghi, Mohammad Dehdar Dargahi, Mohammadreza Rahimibashar, Mahsa Hakimi Abed, Bahram Ahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining the standard requirements for sustainable conservation of Iran's industrial architectural heritage with an emphasis on controlling the mutual effects of architecture and the environment on each other
This article examines the standard requirements for the protection of Iran's industrial architectural heritage and emphasizes the importance of controlling the interactions between architecture and the environment. Industrial heritage, which includes buildings and facilities related to the industrial era, is a valuable part of the country's cultural history. However, the lack of specific principles and regulations for the protection of these sites has led to serious damage and destruction of both the heritage and the surrounding environment. The research method of this study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. A questionnaire was designed and distributed among 384 architects who are members of the Tehran Engineering System Organization, followed by statistical analysis. Additionally, existing data and documents regarding industrial heritage and global experiences in this field were reviewed and analyzed. Furthermore, the challenges and obstacles in protecting this heritage have been thoroughly examined. The main innovation of this research lies in identifying the need to formulate new principles and regulations for the protection of industrial architectural heritage. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that a legal and standard framework for managing and protecting these sites be established. This framework could include strategies for coordination between architecture and the environment to prevent the destruction and damage to industrial buildings and the environment. The findings of this research could assist policymakers, architects, and urban managers in taking effective actions for the preservation and maintenance of industrial heritage by better understanding the interactions between architecture and the environment. Ultimately, this article emphasizes the importance of creating a comprehensive and integrated approach to protect industrial architectural heritage and their environments, aiming to raise public awareness in this area.
Sustainable architecture and environment
Restoration and revitalization of Iran's industrial heritage
Copyright (c) 2025 Payvand Amir Borbor, Afshin Ghorbani Param (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Water Treatment Solutions: Enhancing Efficiency with Tube Settlers to Address Water Scarcity
Water scarcity has emerged as a pressing global challenge, exacerbated by factors such as climate change, population growth, and industrialization (United Nations, 2023). One such promising technology is the integration of tube settlers into existing water treatment frameworks. Tube settlers are gravity-assisted sedimentation devices that enhance the efficiency of the clarification process by promoting the aggregation and settling of suspended solids (AWWA, 2011). The application of tube settler technology has significantly advanced water treatment by reducing detention time and enhancing sedimentation through high-rate sedimentation principles. This study evaluates the impact of integrating innovative tube settlers into the sedimentation processes of water treatment plants. A comparative analysis was conducted to compare conventional accelerator clarifiers with enhanced clarifiers equipped with tube settlers. Tube settler groups, inclined at a 60° angle and measuring 90 cm in lengthir, were used to facilitate the flow of screened raw water. Key parameters including the number of backwashes per day, energy consumption, and removal efficiencies of Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and biological agents (diatoms, nematodes, rotifers, protozoa, and algae) were assessed. The study highlighted significant reductions in treatment costs, with a 25% decrease in electricity consumption and improved contaminant removal. Clarifiers equipped with tube settlers demonstrated significantly higher removal efficiencies for all parameters measured, with average removal rates of 74% for Al³⁺, 60% for Fe³⁺, 77% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 92% for algae. These findings confirm that integrating tube settlers greatly enhances the efficiency of water treatment processes. It is recommended that designers of water treatment plants include tube settlers in the initial design phase, and prioritize re-engineering efforts to ensure optimal operation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohsen Memarzadeh, Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan, Payam Najafi, Mehran Hoodaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing Random Forest and Regression Models for Dust Storm Assessment in Kermanshah Province, Iran
Identifying dust sources is essential for effective management. This study employs remote sensing and machine learning techniques, specifically Random Forest Model (RFM) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), to identify dust production areas in Kermanshah province from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that the Random Forest Model (RFM) outperforms Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Specifically, the accuracy of the RFM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.900, is significantly higher than that of the MLR, which has a correlation coefficient of 0.840. Furthermore, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the RFM was 5.59, whereas for the MLR it was 7.05, confirming the superiority of the RFM’s accuracy. Key factors influencing dust production include elevation, erosion, soil moisture, land cover, geology, daytime land surface temperature, and NDVI. The western and southwestern regions have been identified as hotspots for dust production. These findings can assist policymakers in effectively allocating resources and managing dust-related issues. Hazard zoning maps will facilitate the identification of areas requiring immediate intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehranoosh Gholipour, Maryam Kiani Sadr, Bahareh Lorestani, Mehrdad Cheraghi, Soheil Sobhanardakani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pollution-Driven Morphological Adaptations in Scorpions: Insights from Human-Dominated Landscapes
Pollution from human activities, such as industrialization and agriculture, has profound impacts on ecosystems and their inhabitants. This study investigates how environmental pollution influences morphological adaptations in scorpions, using them as bioindicators to assess ecological changes in human-dominated landscapes. Scorpions (Androctonus crassicauda; Buthidae family) were collected from regions in Isfahan Province, Iran, representing gradients of agricultural, urbanized, and industrialized areas. Morphological traits were measured and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. Results revealed that over 70% of the variance in morphological traits was explained by a size gradient, with industrial pollution significantly associated with increased morphological variability (β= 0.176, t= 2.019, p= 0.030). In contrast, agricultural activities were linked to reduced morphological diversity (β= -0.09, t= -2.739, p= 0.007). These findings suggest that industrial pollution enhances morphological variability, likely through phenotypic plasticity in response to diverse stressors, while agricultural practices limit it, possibly due to environmental homogenization and pesticide pressures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yalda Montaser, Atefeh Chamani, Rouhullah Dehghani, Hedieh jafari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A proxy-based restriction scoring approach using soil physico-chemical properties to assess potentially toxic element risk in agroecosystems
Agricultural intensification, particularly in developing countries, has led to widespread soil pollution and potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination due to excessive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This study assesses the spatial variability of HM contamination risks in the Mehrgard Catchment (1275.59 km²), Isfahan Province, using soil physico-chemical properties as proxies. Soil samples from 134 locations revealed significant heterogeneity in organic carbon (OC, 0.5–6.9%), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP, 0.59–15.67 µmol/g/l), and texture (sand 54.9–78.8%). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three components explaining ~80% of the variance, emphasizing the dominant roles of OC, ALP, and texture in regulating PTE dynamics. OC and nutrient-related parameters were key to PTE retention, while sandy soils and carbonate content increased contamination risks. A restriction score (RS, ranging from -1.132 to 0.676) was calculated for each location using PCA-derived weights and adjusted soil properties. Hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) identified northern areas as high-risk zones (49 locations across three clusters), where soil properties elevated PTE accumulation risks. The findings advocate for site-specific strategies, such as organic amendments for sandy soils and precision irrigation for carbonate-rich areas, to mitigate PTE contamination, highlighting the inadequacy of uniform agricultural practices for sustainable land use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Mohsen Ghoreishi, Elham Chavoshi, Sattar Chavoshi Borujeni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Monitoring of Air Pollution in Asalouyeh, Iran Using Sentinel-5 Satellite Imagery and Google Earth Engine
Asalouyeh, a rapidly industrializing port city in Iran, faces significant environmental challenges due to air pollution resulting from extensive industrial activities. This study employs Sentinel-5 satellite data and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of key air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and aerosols, over the period from 2019 to 2023. By leveraging the advanced capabilities of remote sensing and cloud-based geospatial analysis, we processed satellite imagery to monitor atmospheric pollution levels and identify pollution hotspots. The findings indicate a notable increase in pollutant concentrations, particularly NO₂, CO, and SO₂. NO₂ levels increased from a range of 0.0022–0.0071 µmol/m² in 2019 to 0.0025–0.0099 µmol/m² in 2023, while CO concentrations rose from 0.63–0.88 ppm in 2019 to 0.58–0.86 ppm in 2023. Similarly, SO₂ concentrations increased significantly, from 0.008–0.04 ppm in 2019 to 0.01–0.06 ppm in 2023. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values also showed an upward trend, reaching a peak of -0.034 to 0.8 in 2023 compared to -0.81 to 0.016 in 2019. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between increasing pollution levels and industrial expansion in Asalouyeh, with the highest concentrations observed near petrochemical complexes and transportation corridors. The identified pollution hotspots provide critical insights for policymakers, enabling targeted interventions such as emission control regulations, improved industrial waste management, and enhanced monitoring infrastructure. By integrating Sentinel-5 data with GEE’s cloud-based processing capabilities, this study establishes a scalable and cost-effective framework for continuous air quality assessment in industrial zones, addressing the limitations of traditional ground-based monitoring. These findings contribute to a growing body of research on industrial air pollution in the Persian Gulf region, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent environmental policies and sustainable industrial practices to mitigate pollution-related health risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hossein Torabi, Zahra Abedi, Barat Mojaradi, Zahra Azizi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment and prioritization of different land use effect on surface soils contamination with some trace elements in Rey City, Tehran Province, Iran
Assessment of different land use effects on surface soil contamination is necessary for sustainable management of urban-industrial ecosystem.for this purpose in Rey city of Tehran province ,soil sampling was conducted across industrial and other land-use areas, collecting 52 composite surface samples (0–20 cm depth) to assess trace metal contamination. Samples were analyzed for metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). Physical and chemical properties (texture, pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate) were measured via standardized methods.Pollution levels were evaluated using indices like the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), Nemerow pollution index (NIPI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), which incorporated toxicity factors and background values. Spatial hot/cold spots of contamination were identified via Getis-Ord analysis, highlighting clusters of high/low metal concentrations. These methods aimed to distinguish natural versus anthropogenic contamination and assess ecological risks. The study emphasized integrating geochemical, statistical, and spatial tools to map pollution patterns and prioritize mitigation efforts in Rey City’s industrially impacted soils. The Getis-Ord analysis revealed minimal pollution for Al (12% cold spots), localized As (<5%) and Cd hot spots, and elevated contamination for Cu (13%), Hg (>50% in west/north), and Mn. Mercury and manganese exhibited the most widespread pollution, highlighting critical environmental risks in Ray City, while aluminum showed negligible contamination. The results provide valuable guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental managers to design targeted remediation efforts and preventive measures to reduce soil pollution risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laleh Ghiasi, Javad Varvani, Hamid Toranjzar, Abbas Ahmadi, Amir Hossein Baghaie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying the causes of floods and assessing the resulting environmental damage to provide a flood compensation model
Natural disasters can cause significant environmental damage and pollution, including floods that cause significant loss of life and environmental damage. Hence, modeling the compensation of such losses and utilizing specific strategies such as flood insurance can be considered effective solutions for compensation. Accordingly, the present study attempted to first identify flood damages using the Delphi method. Then, the identified criteria were prioritized through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, the data were analyzed to provide a flood insurance and compensation model using national and international insurance laws and regulations. The results showed that, among the main criteria of flood damage, financial, human, and environmental losses were ranked most important with relative weights of 0.217, 0.191, and 0.178, respectively, and social damages were ranked least important with a weight of 0.108. Moreover, the most important sub-criteria, in order of priority, were building destruction (0.115), loss of life (0.110), and water pollution (0.084). To conclude, understanding the legal challenges associated with compensation is crucial in developing effective flood insurance plans. The legal challenges of natural catastrophe compensation involve a complex interplay of liability laws, both civil and criminal, insurance mechanisms, and the broader socio-economic impacts on affected communities. The distinctive and innovative proposal of providing a flood insurance plan with independent legal, technical, and structural frameworks and indicators based on the environmental insurance development approach is a suitable model for flood compensation. Developing a flood insurance scheme that effectively compensates for natural disaster losses requires addressing numerous legal challenges, including establishing a clear regulatory framework, managing flood risks, designing equitable compensation mechanisms, determining the roles of the public and private sectors, ensuring coordination across jurisdictions, and adapting to the impacts of climate change
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Zahednia, Shirin Shirazian, Mohammad Reza Miri Lavasani, Hanie Nekoomaram, Mansour Pournouri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of temporal and spatial changes of irrigation water quality classes in Qazvin Plain, Iran, using machine learning models
The present study aimed to determine the quality and quantity of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes in the Qazvin Plain (northwest of Iran) using the spatial and temporal distribution maps of agricultural water quality classes prepared by machine learning models during three study periods of spring 2012, 2016, and 2020. Modeling was performed based on geological maps, annual precipitation maps and 12 hydrogeochemical parameters measured for 63 piezometric wells. Appropriate hydrochemical parameters were selected for each statistical period to model agricultural water quality using the machine learning models of Random Forest (RF), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MnLR). The results introduced the best models to be RF in 2012 (kappa coefficient (κ)=0.54, overall accuracy (OA)= 69%) and MnLR in 2016 and 2020 (κ= 0.83 and 0.75; OA=88 and 84%), respectively. The percentage of area for C4-S3 class (very high salinity with high sodium) increased from 5% in 2011 to 23.9% in 2019. Giving the increased precipitation in 2019, the agricultural water quality class in the southern region changed from C4-S3 in 2015 to C4-S2 (very high salinity with medium sodium) in 2019. Additionally, the simulated maps showed an elevation in the percentage of C4-S3 class area from 2012 to 2020 in the central part of the region where agricultural lands are concentrated. Our findings revealed the trend of adverse changes in water quality at different regions of Qazvin Plain during the years of study, highlighting the need to make purposeful management decisions. And The study utilized both advanced machine learning algorithms and traditional classification methods, including the Wilcox diagram, to assess agricultural water quality based on twelve physicochemical parameters. And The 12 parameters used in the study were selected based on data availability and relevance to agricultural water quality standards. Due to inconsistent data across years, variables such as nitrate and organic matter were excluded.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leila Davoodi Memar Otagvar, Ebrahim Fataei, Babak Naeimi, Mehdi Tajiabadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the impact of source separation on the quality of biodegradable municipal waste (A case study: District 8 of Karaj city, Iran)
The present study was conducted to determine the effects of source separation training for municipal solid waste on the quality of compostable organic waste at District 8 of Karaj Municipality, Iran. This was an experimental study, the tools of which were sampling and conducting experiments. The research data were collected using cluster sampling. To determine the chemical properties of wet waste, samples were taken from 480 households in 7 neighborhoods of District 8 of Karaj Municipality, followed by laboratory analysis. To measure the quality of compostable organic materials, first, waste from the studied households was received once without providing training and subjected to physical analysis (separation of wet and dry materials). Once again, after providing training, the waste of the studied households was collected separately, wet and dry, from the doorsteps of the homes. From the total wet waste samples taken from each neighborhood, after complete mixing, one sample was taken for chemical analysis and transported to the laboratory. The measured parameters included total nitrate, organic carbon, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, calcium, cadmium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and lead. A t-test was used to obtain the difference between the physical and chemical properties of the wet waste before and after source separation training to households. Data were analyzed using SPSS27 software. Based on the results, there was a statistically significant difference between the values of EC, pH, cadmium, and iron at the level of 5%, as well as between the parameters of copper, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus at the level of 1%, in the pre- and post-training stages. The EC value in the pre-training phase was 9914 μs/cm, which decreased to 7350 μs/cm after training. Calcium levels were 19,674 and 30,898 mg/kg, potassium levels were 24,006 and 18,225 mg/kg, phosphorus levels were 1987 and 3019 mg/kg, and the iron levels were 1804 and 466 before and after training, respectively. The concentration of magnesium in compostable organic waste increased significantly in the post-training phase compared to the pre-training phase. The findings of this study revealed the effectiveness of source separation of municipal solid waste in maintaining the amounts of elements present in compostable organic materials at appropriate levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marjan Potki, Ebrahim Fataei, Ali Akbar Imani, Marjaneh Kharrat Sadeghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of potentially toxic elements pollution in soils and plant leaves along the high-traffic highway zones in Tehran, Iran
The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in roadside soils and plant leaves due to vehicular emissions presents significant environmental and public health risks, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This study evaluated the concentrations of five PTEs—copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn)—in soils and leaves of three urban plant species (Pine, Cypress, and Mulberry) across six highways in Tehran, Iran, categorized into high, medium, and low-traffic zones. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–30 cm, and leaf samples were obtained from the canopy's outer sections. Samples were digested with aqua regia (soil) and nitric-hydrochloric acid (leaves) and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pollution indices, including Pollution Load Index (PLI), Transfer Factor (TF), and Bioaccumulation Factor (BCF), were applied to assess contamination levels and metal mobility.The results showed moderate pollution levels across high-traffic zones (PLI = 3.94), with cadmium (Cd) contributing the most significant ecological risk (RI = 154.50). Transfer Factor (TF) analysis revealed high bioavailability for zinc (TF = 0.78) and lead (TF = 0.81), while cadmium exhibited limited uptake by plants (TF < 0.004). Bioaccumulation Factor (BCF) calculations indicated Pine and Cypress species had higher potential for metal uptake, with BCF values exceeding 1 for zinc and lead in high-traffic areas, whereas Mulberry demonstrated relatively lower accumulation. Despite a normalized NIPI index value of 1, the enrichment factor (EF) for zinc (EF = 98.04) underscores significant anthropogenic contributions, particularly from non-exhaust vehicular emissions. These findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring, effective traffic management, and remediation strategies to address heavy metal pollution in urban environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Hamid Toranjzar, bbas Ahmadi, Nourollah Abdi, Javad Varvani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification and prioritization of effective approaches for public education and participation in household waste management (A case study: Tehran, Iran)
This study aimed to identify and prioritize effective methods to increase public education and participation in household waste management in Tehran (capital of Iran) as a pilot city. First, baseline data were gathered through a library research process, and then 33 waste management experts were employed as a panel to complete a researcher-made questionnaire on a Likert scale. Statistical tests and factor analysis were used to analyze the data and determine the relationships between the components. According to the results, among the determined 27 items of identifying and developing educational approaches for public participation in waste management, the item "environmental literacy" ranked first with an average score of 4.52, and the item "individual training" ranked lowest with an average score of 3.91. The final model includes five levels of factors influencing environmental education and promoting public participation. Normed Fit Index (NFI=0.96), Relative Fit Index (RFI=0.96), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI=0.98) indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI=0.91) and the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI=0.89) also confirmed the goodness of fit of the model. Effective municipal waste management requires active participation of citizens, which can be achieved by providing environmental education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esmatossadat Hashemi, Hooman Bahmanpour, Amir Hesam Hassani, Amir Hooman Hemmasi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study on climate change impacts using lumped versus distributed hydrological models in a semi-arid basin
This paper, aims to evaluate the impacts of potential climate change on the stream flow of a semi-arid catchment (called Merek) in western Iran using Distributed Catchment Scale Model (DiCaSM) and IHACRES lumped model and compare their ability in simulation of the future stream flow in this area. The joint probability plot was used to generate seasonal climatic change factors (% change in rainfall and change in temperature °C) to apply as an input to the DiCaSM model. A suite of 15 Atmosphere-Ocean Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) with monthly rainfall and temperature data for the baseline period were evaluated. By analyzing the models, finally, the three best models, including GFDL-CM3, CNRM-CM5 and NorESM1-M models, which reproduce the climatic behavior of monthly temperature and precipitation values, were selected. To study the impact of future climatic change on water supply, this study applied the RCP Scenarios. It proved an acceptable performance in reproducing of the historical observations three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) scenarios for the future period 2040-2069. Results indicated that both hydrological models were able to simulate the observed stream flow successfully in the study catchment. The projections of three AOGCMs showed that the future temperature would be increased in the area, while there was no agreement between the models in simulation of future rainfall. Changes in stream flow simulated by DiCaSM model were ranged from -5.2% to 6.2% for the period 2040-2069, while for IHACRES model, the changes ranged from -37.7% to 10.1%. Overally the model performed extremely well for both the calibration and validation years. It is recommended to use these hydrological models for a general evaluation of climate change impact in water resources studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farahnaz Baharvand, Ali Reza Massah Bavani, Mohammad Mahdavi, Massoud Goodarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying and ranking indicators affecting the environment with the aim of providing a guide on the establishment and operation of exhibition sites using BWM multi-criteria decision making method
The exhibition industry serves as a huge platform for face-to-face participation and the formation of potential economic and business relationships in the current century. These gatherings cost greatly in terms of energy resources are responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the water, air, and soil. The present study seeks to investigate and identify the pollutant indices resulting from the activities of the exhibition industry, its respective services and preparing guide on the organization of exhibition sites. For this purpose, the most important environmental criteria influenced by the industry were first identified through the Delphi method and were then classified into nine main priority groups based on multi-criteria decision-making and the best/ worst method(BWM[1]) method. The environmental index of the region was thus selected as the most important criterion whereas the social and economic indices were determined to be the least important criteria. Moreover, 58 sub-indices of the main indices were also weighed and prioritized based on the pairwise comparison. As a result, the sub-criterion of environmentally sensitive region ranked first while the sub-criterion of impact on the local and regional identity was identified as the least important influential sub-criterion. Weighing and prioritization of the indices were eventually the main foundation for the compilation of the exhibition site construction and operation instructions, and persistent monitoring of some indices such as the indoor air quality and consumed energy can reduce the negative environmental consequences of exhibition activities significantly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Davoud Adineh, Reza Amirnezhad, Keyvan Saeb, Aptin x Aptin Rahnavard, Farid Gholamreza Fahimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of the effective components in liability and compensation for marine pollution in the light of international law
The current work aimed to identify factors affecting liability and compensation for marine pollution in Iran. This applied research was conducted using a grounded theory and descriptive-analytical method. Following an in-depth survey and extraction of an initial list, 20 relevant experts selected by a snowball sampling method were interviewed to complete and validate the research process. The research findings revealed 60 open codes and 21 axial codes in a paradigm model. Five components identified as causal conditions included severity of environmental pollution, type of environmental damage, source of pollution, insurer conditions, and nature of the insured. Four components of contextual conditions involved type of environmental risks, level of risk, theoretical foundations, and national and cross-border cooperation. Five intervening factors were national laws and regulations, international environmental law and international treaties, international sanctions and restrictions, governance approach and government policies, and arbitration conditions. Interactional strategies consisted of facilitation, risk management and awareness raising. Consequences were found to be compensation for environmental damage, mechanism to prevent recurrence of similar incidents, and increasing trust and willingness to fulfill environmental commitments. To conclude, stressing and paying attention to international environmental laws can pave the way for environmental insurance activities in the country. Stressing and paying attention to international environmental laws can pave the way for environmental insurance activities in the country.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nahid Seyrafian, Mansour Pournouri, Hamidreza Ghaffarzadeh, Reza Simbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of noise pollution in sports halls in Lahijan, Iran
The aim of this study was to assess the noise pollution of sports facilities in multi-purpose halls in Lahijan city, Iran. This research was of applied type. Through networking, 16 halls were randomly selected in four zones of the city and data were collected in the field. The sound level in the clubs was measured at level A and as an equivalent level by a portable device and Decibel X 2019 and compared with the sound standard (OSHA-90 dBA). The measurements were performed in triplicate and repeated three times. The calculated parameters included sound pressure level (SPL), average sound level ((LP) ̅), continuous sound equivalent level (Leq) and individual daily dose LAEp,d. The results showed that the lowest sound pressure level was 73.9 dB in the northern zone and in the first turn. The highest sound pressure level in the western zone was 97.7 dB. As the time changed from early morning to night, the average sound pressure level increased, highlighting the direct relationship between the sound pressure level and the measurement time. The average sound level in the western zone was higher than in other zones, and the average sound level in the southern zone was lower than in other zones. In both zones, the gyms were of the shed type, which could not establish a relationship between the structural form and the sound level. All the studied halls had levels higher than the standards for recreation centers and parks, as well as the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, all of the gyms met other standards such as ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA standards related to occupational health. Finally, there was a relationship between the urban location of sports halls and the sound level, such that halls located in the northern and western zones (the more affluent part of the city) had higher sound levels; in contrast, those located in the southern and eastern zones (poorer areas of the city) had lower sound levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Hajesmaeiliyan, Ali Fahimi Nezhad, Bagher Morsal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dispersion modelling of potentially toxic elements and particulate matter concentrations from the stack of Shahid Rajaei power plant using the AERMOD method
This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the dispersion of suspended particles and potentially toxic elements in the air and soil around Shahid Rajaei Thermal Power Plant. For this purpose, soil sampling was carried out in a regular network with a radius of 10 km to measure the concentration of potentially toxic elements, and separately, the distribution model of particles and potentially toxic elements released from the power plant chimney was determined using AERMOD software up to a distance of 25 km. Results showed that the concentration of potentially toxic elements in the soil around the power plant has a direct relationship with the particles coming out of the power plant chimney and their deposition in the soil, and the trend of soil pollution up to a distance of 8 to 10 km from the power plant shows the highest concentration of the studied elements, and with increasing distance from the power plant, Pollution levels are reduced. In the affected areas, the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, zinc, and copper exceeded the standard with values ​​of 237, 88,210 and 112 ppm, respectively, and the four elements cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and lead with values 21, 115, 4.7 and 42 ppm showed lower levels of pollution. which are also related to the type of fuel consumed by the power plant. Modeling of particle dispersion in the air by AERMOD method with the trend of dispersion and concentration of the above elements is consistent with the analysis of soil pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Godarzvand chegini, Naser Ebadati, Behnoush Khoshmanesh Zadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification and prioritization of construction waste management strategies using an integrated FANP-DEMATEL/SWOT model in Tehran metropolis, Iran
The purpose of the current work was to develop strategies suitable for the construction waste management for construction waste processing, recycling or landfilling plants in Tehran metropolis, Iran. This integrated methods study was of an applied type with an exploratory approach, which used a FANP-DEMATEL combined model as one of the most appropriate strategic planning methodologies. Thus, the environment of Tehran waste management organization (TWMO) was evaluated by preparing a SWOT matrix consisting of 10 strengths (S), 12 weaknesses (W), 9 opportunities (O), and 7 threats (T). According to the results, the TWMO was positioned in the WT box (IFE: 2.45 and EFE: 2.33), indicating the necessity of adopting a defensive strategy as the best priority. On the other hand, the FANP-DEMATEL technique also confirmed the accuracy of WT strategies with a score of 12.627. Results shown that the best determined WT strategy was “Preventing mixing or separating waste at the source for easier recycling at the plant site" (Weighting factor: 0.9). These findings showed the importance of the proposed strategy for the growth and success of construction and demolition waste management in Tehran.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hossein Aligholizadeh, Saeed Motahari, Maryam Farahani, Hasan Samadyar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of blood parameters changes of mice exposed to long-term Wi-Fi waves as a major environmental pollutant
As the world entered the industrial era, the nature of environmental threats and dangers posed by technology also have gone through fundamental changes. One of these environmental pollutants is the propagation of waves with different wavelengths in the environment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of 2.45 GHz microwaves on blood biomarkers of mice. In this study, 80 immature male BALB/c mice were used. According to the inclusion criteria, 72 mice were included in the study. Mice were divided into two groups (control group=24 mice, exposed group=48 mice). Exposed groups were divided into two subgroups of 24 (groups A and B). Subgroup A was exposed to a simple modem without antenna and subgroup B was exposed to a modem with two antennas. In the first phase of the study, mice were exposed daily for 60 minutes for 90 days and in the second phase for 8 hours daily for 90 days. Blood samples were taken on days 90 and 180. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 25 (P value<0.05). This study shows that blood cells are affected by long-term exposure to Wi-Fi waves by decrease in number and volume. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the blood parameters of the two groups exposed to different modems which vary in the number of antennas. The results showed that the highest effect of Wi-Fi waves was on the following blood factors, respectively PLT, RBC, HCT, HGB, and WBC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamed Akbari, Lobat Taghavi, Seyed Kamal Eshagh Hossaini, Mohammad Gholami-Fesharaki, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed Mirzahosseini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial effects of copper- and silver-coated carbon nanotubes synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: a comparative study
The use of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles in coatings can eliminate surface microbial contamination. This study compared antibacterial activity of Cu- (Cu/CNTs) and Ag-coated carbon nanotubes (Ag/CNTs) synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the PECVD technique was applied to deposit the CNTs on high-resistivity silicon wafers previously decorated by nickel catalyst using an Electron Beam Gun. Then, the nanotubes were coated by Cu and Ag thin films in a vacuum evaporator using the Direct Current (DC) Magnetron Sputtering method. Finally, the antibacterial effects were determined by Standard Plate Count (SPC, with film thicknesses of 0, 10, 30 and 60 nm) and Disk Diffusion Test (based on zone of inhibition (ZOI) with nanoparticle concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 µg/mL). According to the SPC findings, the highest antibacterial activity of Cu/CNTs was found for the film thickness of 60 nm against E. coli (66%), and the lowest activity was related to the film thickness of 19 nm against S. aureus (28.8%). The antibacterial activity of Ag/CNTs was about 70% against E. coli with the highest thickness and about 34.12% against S. aureus. The lowest ZOI was measured for the bare CNTs at a concentration of 5 µg/mL (12 mm), and the highest ZOI was related to Ag/CNTs with a concentration of 15 µg/mL against S. aureus (18 mm). To conclude, the carbon nanotube composites coated with copper or silver nanoparticles can be used to control bacterial growth in aqueous solutions.
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Copyright (c) 2024 Pooya Sepehr, Seyed Majid Borghei, Morad Ebrahimkhas, Nasim Nobari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scenario-based land use management to restore natural areas and reducing soil erosion rate in a competing land uses condition
Identifying the contribution of different land uses plays a crucial role in preventing erosion and prioritizing land management activities. This research aimed to assess the impacts of various land use scenarios on mitigating soil erosion in the North West Urmia region of Iran. In addition to the current scenario, 12 land use management scenarios were identified based on the observed trend in changes in land use patterns throughout the study area utilizing GIS. The RUSLE was used, and the necessary input parameters of the RUSLE model, were prepared. The erosion mapping has been done using overlaying the input layers. The baseline scenario (current condition) resulted in an erosion amount of 17.22 (t/ha/yr). Introducing soil conservation techniques in dry farming on steep terrain, as depicted in scenario 6 (conservation and restoration of plowed rangelands), resulted in a reduction of the erosion rate from 17.22 to 9.75 (t/ha/yr). On the other hand, scenario 20, characterized by severe rangeland degradation and overgrazing, exhibited the highest estimated erosion rate at 30.42 (t/ha/yr). In contrast, the most substantial erosion reduction of 43.37% was evident in scenario 6 (conservation and restoration of plowed rangelands). It was observed that the P-factor (support practice factor) had a more pronounced impact than the C-factor (crop/vegetation and management factor) in mitigating erosion. These findings suggest the potential for utilizing a scenario-based framework to evaluate the impact of management scenarios on erosion and prioritize soil and water management measures and strategies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khadijeh Haji, Abazar Esmali-Ouri, Raoof Mostafazadeh, Habib Nazarnejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining the dynamics of land use changes in a long-term time span in Erzurum, Turkey
Land use change shapes landscapes and is crucial for effective natural resource management, requiring a deep understanding of its trends for informed land management. The study utilized Landsat TM and Sentinel-2 satellite images spanning 1994 to 2023 to generate a 30-year land use change map of Erzurum. After processing of satellite images in ENVI, the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm used for classification and the Kappa coefficient used for reliability of results. Single and dynamic land use change indices used to assss the changes in LULC classes. The results indicated appropriate accuracy in the classified maps with a Kappa coefficient exceeding 0.75. The results revealed that the most significant land use changes in the Erzurum region were related to the conversion of rangeland to agricultural land. Over the period from 1994 to 2023, there was a notable increase in agricultural land use in Erzurum, contrasting with negative trends in waterbodies and garden areas. Rangeland experienced the most significant decline, decreasing by 19.22%, while agricultural land increased by 18%. indicating the highest growth among land use categories. According to the Single Dynamic Index, Bare Ground exhibited a change of +0.32%, while tree lands displayed a notably high dynamic degree of +0.31%. The significant expansion of agricultural land in Erzurum is primarily driven by agriculture being the main livelihood for local communities. This shift from rangelands highlights the strain on natural resources, necessitating careful management planning to balance agricultural expansion with environmental conservation concerns.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nazila Alaei, Memet Salih Bayraktutan, Raoof Mostafazadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rainfall water quality assessment in atmospheric deposition of an urban area: A case study of Akure in Nigeria
The physicochemical properties of rainfall and dry deposition of Akure, Nigeria were measured over a period of one year (July 2015 to June 2016) at six different locations. A total of 72 rainwater samples was analyzed for the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Free CO2, and Acidity using standard methods. The mean results depicted - TDS (22.51mg/L), Temperature (28.2oC), pH (6.92), EC (44.75 µS/cm), Free CO2 (20.97 mg/L), and Acidity (254.83 mg/L). Only three of the rain water samples were observed in the acidic range (< 4.6) suggesting that the presence of alkaline particles in the samples were not high enough to neutralize acidic species available in the water. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as Factor Analysis as well as Correlation Matrix showed significant anthropogenic pollutant intrusions in the rainwater samples. Cluster Analysis revealed the similarity between TDS and EC and this was confirmed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r = 0.99) at a significance level of 0.05. The study suggested that traffic activities were the main sources of deposition in the locations under this study.
Identification, Classification and Management of Industrial Hazardous Waste in Ardabil Province
Abstract: Hazardous waste is generated by numerous industrial, commercial, agricultural and even domestic sources. The dangers of these wastes can vary depending on their types and environmental conditions and various short-term and long-term effects ranging from acute to chronic are expected. This study was carried out in regard to health and economic considerations and to create motivation for conducting studies to identify industrial hazardous waste which plays an important role in growing trend of country's industry. In this research, we selected 51 important industrial units of Ardebil province and data were collected through questionnaires, in-person interviews with the unitsâ authorities and referring to available documents. The information contained the types and amount of waste, temporary storage method, Discharge frequency, final disposal method, and the status of recycling and reuse. The results obtained from data analysis without considering uncontrolled industrial wastewater, show the annual production of Approximate 2,010,265 tons of waste; which about 1502 tons of this amount (according to available list in the Basel Convention), has classified under the title hazardous waste and about 12.42% of this type of waste was toxic. The share of liquid and solid physical states of the waste is respectively 59.87%, 13.77%. It should be noted that there is no temporary storage for about 20.29% of this waste. Reviewing the final disposal method indicates that about 28.66% of hazardous waste is discharged into the environment without any control.